Peru (in Quechua and in Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru, is a sovereign country of western South America. The Pacific Ocean borders its coast and borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, and Bolivia and Chile to the southeast. Its territory is made up of diverse landscapes: the valleys, the plateaus and the high summits of the Andes unfold to the west towards the desert coast and to the east towards the Amazonia. It is one of the countries with the greatest biological diversity in the world and with the greatest mineral resources.11 12

Ancient Peru was a region of successive civilizations since the emergence of Caral-Supe in 3200 BC. C.13 The Inca Empire was the last autochthonous or indigenous State, which dominated great part of the South American west towards Century XV. The conquest of the Incario followed the next century, after which the territory was configured as a viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire articulated around the exploitation of silver and gold with forced labor of indigenous and African slaves in mines and haciendas. The Bourbon reforms of the eighteenth century led to various uprisings against the colonial authority, whose maximum exponent was the rebellion of Tupac Amaru II.14

With the occupation of Spain and the promulgation of the 1812 constitution, ideas of political autonomy in Spanish America were disseminated. Independence was formally proclaimed in 1821, and was settled in the battle of Ayacucho three years later.15 The country remained in recession and under military caudillismo until the bonanza and decline of the Guano era, which culminated shortly before the War from Pacific. In the postwar period, an oligarchical policy was established that prevailed until the end of the Oncenio. The successive democratic governments were constantly interrupted by coups d'état.